As part of the marketing campaign, mainstream media echoes the mantra that the sector is said to account for close to 25% of Brazil’s GDP
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
Gross Domestic Product is an aggregate measure of total production within a given territory equal to the sum of the gross values added. The measure is notoriously incomplete; for example it does not take into account any activity that does not enter into a commercial exchange. The GDP takes into account both the production of goods and the production of services. Economic growth is defined as the variation of the GDP from one period to another.
, which would make it a major source of national wealth.

This triumphalist image of agribusiness aligns perfectly with the strategy of the relatively new Investment Funds
Investment fund
Investment funds
Private equity investment funds (sometimes called ’mutual funds’ seek to invest in companies according to certain criteria; of which they most often are specialized: capital-risk, capital development funds, leveraged buy-out (LBO), which reflect the different levels of the company’s maturity.
in Agro-Industrial Production Chains, known as Fiagros, which promise that anyone can take a piece of the sector’s wealth by becoming an agribusiness “partner”. Created in 2021, Fiagros offer shares from as little as USD 2 (Brazilian Real – BRL10), giving investors a tax-free return that is generally above the country’s interest rates
Interest rates
When A lends money to B, B repays the amount lent by A (the capital) as well as a supplementary sum known as interest, so that A has an interest in agreeing to this financial operation. The interest is determined by the interest rate, which may be high or low. To take a very simple example: if A borrows 100 million dollars for 10 years at a fixed interest rate of 5%, the first year he will repay a tenth of the capital initially borrowed (10 million dollars) plus 5% of the capital owed, i.e. 5 million dollars, that is a total of 15 million dollars. In the second year, he will again repay 10% of the capital borrowed, but the 5% now only applies to the remaining 90 million dollars still due, i.e. 4.5 million dollars, or a total of 14.5 million dollars. And so on, until the tenth year when he will repay the last 10 million dollars, plus 5% of that remaining 10 million dollars, i.e. 0.5 million dollars, giving a total of 10.5 million dollars. Over 10 years, the total amount repaid will come to 127.5 million dollars. The repayment of the capital is not usually made in equal instalments. In the initial years, the repayment concerns mainly the interest, and the proportion of capital repaid increases over the years. In this case, if repayments are stopped, the capital still due is higher…

The nominal interest rate is the rate at which the loan is contracted. The real interest rate is the nominal rate reduced by the rate of inflation.
(on average 12% per year). [1]

This phenomenon is not limited to Brazil. In Mexico, agritech companies offering advice on agricultural investments, mainly in the production of berries, agave and avocado for export, have multiplied in recent years. Many young investors in the cities are now using apps on their mobile phones to enter into “sowing pools” to become “owners of their own plot of green gold” or “co-owners of assets, benefiting from the income generated”. However, they remain far removed from the consequences of this easy profit
Profit
The positive gain yielded from a company’s activity. Net profit is profit after tax. Distributable profit is the part of the net profit which can be distributed to the shareholders.
, which include illegal grabbing of land and water resources and slave-like labour exploitation. [2] [3]

Even without the current drive to popularise financial investments, Argentina introduced thousands of hectares of mainly GM soybean during the 2000s, priced in dollars on the capital markets, in order to guarantee annual returns for investors in pools de siembra (sowing pools), which reached 38% in 2008. [4]

The system created a new figure, the “agricultural manager”, who was now able to organise Argentinian production from offices anywhere in the world, using resources raised through joint investor funds. These types of funds increased by 270% between 2004 and 2008, contributing to a quarter of the country’s arable land falling into the hands of joint-stock companies. [5] [6] From 2008, the serious crisis in Argentina scared off investors, significantly reducing the activity of the pools de siembra. Despite the current ultra-liberal policies of recently-elected president Javier Milei who promises “All power to the pools” and to financial capital, the country is witnessing significant protests from broad sectors of the population – ranging from national agribusiness to peasants, Indigenous peoples to members of the armed forces – against the sale of national wealth and the foreign ownership of land. [7]

In the United States, a very similar fund to the current Fiagros in Brazil was put on the table at the end of the 1970s, known as the AG-Land Trust. This fund intended to purchase land with the aim of inflating its value for profitable resell, to then distribute tax-free capital gains to shareholders – in this case, institutional investors
Institutional investors
Entities which pool large sums of money and invest those sums in securities, real property and other investment assets. They are principally banks, insurance companies, pension funds and by extension all organizations that invest collectively in transferable securities.
. The initiative faced strong opposition from farmers and was blocked by Congress and subsequently by various anti-corporate state agricultural laws. It was seen as a Wall Street strategy to create financial bubbles in land prices, which would result in a majority of dispossessed farmers, subjected to paying high rents to a small elite of financial investors. [8]

However, from the 1980s, several instruments began to facilitate the acquisition of land by institutional investors in the US, such as investment funds in forestry and agricultural land, the so-called REITs (Real Estate Investments Trust). By March 2023, the value of agricultural land controlled or owned by institutional investors in the country rose to over USD 15 billion. This was an increase of 66% compared to 2008, when this land began to be used more as a financial asset
Asset
Something belonging to an individual or a business that has value or the power to earn money (FT). The opposite of assets are liabilities, that is the part of the balance sheet reflecting a company’s resources (the capital contributed by the partners, provisions for contingencies and charges, as well as the outstanding debts).
aimed at investor profits, yielding a 9.64% return in 2022. [9] By March 2023, the total market value of Timberland Properties, a major global player in the real estate investment sector, was over USD 24 billion, with a return of 12.9%. [10] Meanwhile, the number of family farms in 2023 in the US was nearly four times lower than in 1935, dropping from 6.8 million farms to 1.8 million. [11]

Brazil may be following suit. Three years after launching the first Fiagros in the country, experts argue that the results of this scheme could be catastrophic. [12] Using the slogan of “agro is pop, agro is tech, agro is everything”, financial and agribusiness agents are trying to sell a pig in a poke, to cover up the sector’s economic, ecological and social bankruptcy, in addition to the high risk of these investments.

By launching a private loan mechanism to attract large swathes of the population, this thriving sector is actually revealing that it can only sustain itself by issuing debt upon debt, by relying on state subsidies and the constant flattening of production costs, which means the exploitation of labour and the grabbing of land, water and other natural resources. [13]

With this idea that everyone can be an “agro partner”, these funds are trying to snatch people’s savings to share
Share
A unit of ownership interest in a corporation or financial asset, representing one part of the total capital stock. Its owner (a shareholder) is entitled to receive an equal distribution of any profits distributed (a dividend) and to attend shareholder meetings.
out the sector’s risks and debts and finance the expansion of the agro-industry and everything that historically goes with it. Seizing people’s savings to finance more land enclosures, exploitation of labour and grabbing of natural resources may be one of the most perverse consequences of this new agribusiness financial strategy.

Democratising finance or snatching people’s savings?

By March 2024, 98 Fiagros were registered with the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários, CVM), accumulating a net worth of USD 6.8 billion, spread over 690,000 accounts, according to data from the Brazilian Financial and Capital Markets Association (Anbima). [17] Of this total, only 43 funds, totalling USD 4.1 billion, are listed on the B3 Stock Exchange, with a total of 490,000 investors. Ninety-four per cent of these stock market investors are individuals, accounting for 83% of the investment volume. [18]

This means that over half of the funds, with 60% of the total wealth, are not listed on the stock exchange. They are held by only 29% of investors, about which nothing is known, given that there is no obligation to share monthly reports. Only those Fiagros that invest in the purchase of shares for a stake in agribusiness companies (Fiagro-FIP) are excluded from listings on the stock exchange. Although they account for almost 40% of the Fiagros’ total assets (USD 2.7 billion), there are only 73 investors. As this type of fund can invest up to 20% of its capital in assets abroad, this Fiagro could, behind the scenes, be an important mechanism for remitting profits and dividends out of the country without paying taxes.

While these closed-end funds particularly benefit super-rich families, who can set up a fund just to avoid paying taxes, the public offering of shares with high returns , tax-free, also makes the Fiagros an attractive and accessible investment option for the general public. [19]

However, high profitability always goes hand in hand with high risk. Fiagros are considered a risky investment, since their wealth is tied up in assets that are susceptible to external factors, such as the climate, pests, crop failures, credit and insurance, land ownership rights, problems with logistics and transport infrastructure. For this reason, the “democratisation” of investments aims to attract the savings of individuals from all walks of life to help the funds gain momentum and create sufficient assets to dispel the misgivings of larger investors, such as pension and investment funds.

Fiagros have been paying significant dividends, an average of 1.13% per month, according to a report from November 2023. [20] [21] This profitability is due to the fact that the majority of the funds’ assets are made up of debt securities that pay interest at 11.25% per year. [22] Therefore, until now, Fiagros have ridden the wave of the highest real interest rates in the world, while rural producers roll over their debts at a stratospheric cost, extending the vicious cycle of indebtedness in the sector.

Although the capital market and financial investments are dominated by the richest segment of the population, the number of investors in Brazil is increasing. There are now 60 million investors, with an increase in investors across all social classes, especially class C – households earning between USD 565 and USD 1,383 – which is up from 29% to 36%. [23] The so-called financialisation of the economy is betting on this gradual transfer of people’s savings from savings accounts (which are the most widely used in the country today) and public pensions (the source of income for 90% of the retired population) to financial mechanisms such as investment funds.

The heavy marketing of “Agro is everything” has been one of the main mechanisms for popularising the capital market, with influencers on social media and YouTube showing viewers how to identify the type of investment to invest simply and quickly using mobile phone apps, in just a few clicks. [24] Torn between investing their savings in public pensions, savings accounts or even their own businesses, many workers have fallen prey to the temptation of seeking quick returns through these financial mechanisms.

The biggest increase in the number of investors occurred among people living in the Brazilian Cerrado, from 33% to 43% of the total population, which is precisely where the major “agribusiness cities” are located. [25] Those who are now placing their savings in agribusiness debt securities and Fiagros shares could well be the children or grandchildren of the 30% of the displaced rural population who, between 1980 and 2010, had to leave their homes to make way to soybean monoculture
Monoculture
When one crop alone is cultivated. Many countries of the South have been induced to specialize in the production of a commodity for export (cotton, coffee, cocoa, groundnuts, tobacco, etc.) to procure hard currency for debt repayments.
. [26]

Land Fiagros: concentrating ownership through financialisation

Although rural property represents only 17% of the assets held by Fiagros, the volume of investments in land almost doubled from June to September 2023, from USD 350.72 million to USD 584.53 million. [27] The so-called “Land Fiagros”, with 100% of their investments in agricultural land, are generally restricted to professional investors (with investments of over USD 2 million) and qualified investors (over USD 200,000), with the aim of increasing the value of the land in the medium and long term – eight to ten years – and paying annual dividends.

In addition to the tax exemption on income, the law also allows for the non-payment of taxes when rural property is sold to these funds. Taxes are only paid on the profit from the resale of each share on the capital market, and not on the entire property when it is sold. Large landowners can set up these funds as a strategy to transfer inheritance without paying tax or even to simulate land deals in order to evade debts.

Worse still, this tax waiver for land deals via Fiagros could potentially concentrate ownership of land in the hands of these funds, changing the very logic of land price composition. In addition to the assessment of specific factors such as soil quality, topography, the presence of water and infrastructure, the price is also influenced by the interests of this new category of land investors and the dynamics of buying and selling shares.

In order to pursue greater profitability, the funds began leasing land to producers and companies that specialise in pursuing crops with a higher market value and quick returns, usually commodities
Commodities
The goods exchanged on the commodities market, traditionally raw materials such as metals and fuels, and cereals.
traded in dollars on the futures
Futures
A futures contract is a standardized advance commitment, negotiated on an organized futures market, to deliver a specified quantity of a precisely defined underlying asset at a specified time – the ‘delivery date’ – and place. Futures contracts are the most widely traded financial instruments in the world.
markets (not food), and now not just agricultural commodities, but also “agri-environmental” ones. The leases aim to increase the value of the land until it is sold, with pre-emptive purchase rights for the lessee, and the distribution of profits to investors. Fiagros, however, can be used as mechanisms to create speculative bubbles in prices, such as by buying and selling land to each other. (See Box 2 Green Fiagro: financial expertise in land inflation
Inflation
The cumulated rise of prices as a whole (e.g. a rise in the price of petroleum, eventually leading to a rise in salaries, then to the rise of other prices, etc.). Inflation implies a fall in the value of money since, as time goes by, larger sums are required to purchase particular items. This is the reason why corporate-driven policies seek to keep inflation down.
)

The most profitable Fiagro shares are those investing in farmland, also called “Land Fiagros”. The return on these shares depends on the value of the leases, generally linked to the value of a sack of soybean per hectare, which also varies according to the availability of water for irrigation. [34] This demonstrates both the strong link between the price of land and agricultural commodities in producing regions, as well as the indirect pricing of water by financial agents, which in turn also has an impact on the value of leases, land and now also fund share prices.

These land Fiagros include the three managed by XP investimentos, which together total 35,000 hectares in the Matopiba region, leased to SLC Agrícola mainly for the production of soybean, along with maize, cotton and brachiaria grass. [35] The company is the largest producer of soybean in the country, and not by chance; it is also responsible for the deforestation of at least 30,000 hectares of native vegetation in the Cerrado. [36] Two of these farms are located in Correntina in Bahia, a scene of the most intense water conflicts in the country’s history, marked by the escalation of water grabbing by corporations and irrigation projects. [37]

While the profitability of shares is susceptible to the likelihood of default on debt payments, the same is not true of non-economic violence. Despite the “green finance” agenda, in practice capital markets and investors are chasing the highest returns, and this is often accompanied by deals involving land grabbing, deforestation, illegal water extraction or the use of slave labour. (See Table “Land Fiagros: land and water grabbing as well as deforestation”)

Land property agents believe that the current period is a great opportunity to buy cheap land. After an intense rise in value over the last three years, with average land prices for grain production rising by 128%, this curve stagnated in 2023. [38] The loss of profitability for farmers due to the commodities slump and the increase in production costs puts their land at risk. This situation could lead to the next period of concentrated land ownership in the hands of the Fiagros and their millionaire investors, taking discounted land away from indebted farmers or those lacking the capital to maintain it.

Source: Colussi J., G. Schnitkey, N. Paulson, and J. Baltz. “Farmland Prices in Brazil More than Doubled in the Last Three Years.” farmdoc daily (13): 79, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, April 28, 2023.

The Brazilian government is studying the creation of “Fiagros for land in debt”, where on the one hand creditors – retailers, suppliers, banks, trading
Market activities
trading
Buying and selling of financial instruments such as shares, futures, derivatives, options, and warrants conducted in the hope of making a short-term profit.
companies – become fund partners, and on the other, the farmer transfers the farm and becomes a Fiagro tenant. The debts would be paid back through production until, at the end of the repayment period, the farmer would have the right to buy back the shares and recover the property. But getting their property back is unlikely if the period of land concentration persists, facilitating the creation of speculative bubbles in land prices. [39]

Behind the veil of “democratising” finance and property, the financialisation of land tends to cause precisely the opposite effect: further concentration of capital and land at the hands of financial elites.

Land grabbing and shielding for investors, including foreigners

To provide investors with security, agribusiness debt instruments and Fiagros have privileged payment guarantees
Guarantees
Acts that provide a creditor with security in complement to the debtor’s commitment. A distinction is made between real guarantees (lien, pledge, mortgage, prior charge) and personal guarantees (surety, aval, letter of intent, independent guarantee).
. With the creation of the so-called “segregate estate”, the Brazilian Agro Law makes it possible to separate all or parts of rural estates in proportion to the debt, as a guarantee to specifically pay off the obligations of agribusiness companies. If the debt is not repaid, the land covered by the debt must be transferred directly into the creditor’s name at the land registry office, without the need for legal action. Moreover, if the creditor is a foreign investor, the agro securities law authorises the transfer of land to foreigners in the event of debt enforcement, regardless of the limits on access to land by foreigners. This circumvents the law that limits foreigners’ control of land in the country. [40]

The land allocated for the specific payment of agribusiness debts cannot be the object of a sale or purchase, donation, judicial recovery, or bankruptcy proceedings, nor can it be used to pay other debts, with the exception of tax, pension and labour debts of the indebted producer or company. Therefore, although this mechanism is in place to shield the land in favour of paying investors, the state and workers retain preference in the list of creditors, which could leave new shareholders in the lurch.

It should also be emphasised that these lands assigned as collateral
Collateral
Transferable assets or a guarantee serving as security against the repayment of a loan, should the borrower default.
for debts may in fact be public and communal land that has been grabbed. [41] As reported by various organisations, Brazil has permitted the widespread legalisation of historic land grabbing of public lands, particularly after the institutional coup of 2016, with the so-called Land Grabbers’ Act (Lei da grilagem), which has been replicated by the states, including Matopiba. [42] This means that rather than the seizure of private assets, the failure of many farmers to pay up could lead to the confiscation of public land – the land belonging to the entire population – and land grabbed from local communities. Consequently, this land could potentially end up in the possession of these financial entities.

Greenwashing debts and environmental services as “rural products”

The new trend among Fiagros is to expand their portfolio to activities considered of low environmental impact, by buying the assets or debts of bioenergy companies or those that use “regenerative” farming practices, such as the recovery of pastures or the industrial planting of trees. [43]

This interest in so-called “green bonds” goes hand in hand with the global movement to “greenwash” the image of corporations and financial agents, while also taking advantage of the trend towards the increasing value of these “nature-based” assets. Legal disputes are raging between countries over the definition of ownership. In other words, over who owns forest and soil carbon credits and other environmental services, such as water conservation.

Brazil’s agribusiness securities law, amended in 2022, began to consider the provision of environmental services on farms as a new type of “rural product”, authorising the issue of debt securities on formerly common goods
Common goods
In economics, common goods are characterized by being collectively owned, as opposed to either privately or publicly owned. In philosophy, the term denotes what is shared by the members of one community, whether a town or indeed all humanity, from a juridical, political or moral standpoint.
– which could not be appropriated, negotiated or enforced by debt, like any other commodity. [44] They started to consider the following to be “rural products”:

• “services” for conservation and recovery of native forests
• reduction of deforestation
• water and soil conservation
• reducing or maintaining emissions
• increasing forest carbon stocks, among other ecosystem benefits, if certified by a third party. [45]
  
  This means excluding the majority of current and future generations from access to the environmental standards required for a decent quality of life, and the introduction of environmental services as collateral for rural producers’ debts. This could set a legislative precedent in other countries where agribusiness is considered a supplier of carbon credits and other environmental services.

Furthermore, the social and environmental commitment of agribusiness is catastrophic, and the funds are key mechanisms for greenwashing this track record. Worse still, it perversely links the expected income of these unsuspecting new investors to the expansion of the agricultural frontier and everything that goes with it. [46]

The largest Fiagro in terms of assets (USD 337 million), the Kinea Agro Fund, with 37,000 shareholders, has 37% of its assets in Agribusiness Receivables Certificates (CRAs) from sugar and ethanol plants. One of these CRAs was issued by Usina Itamarati, in the State of Mato Grosso, which leveraged USD 29.227 million by issuing “Green CRAs” despite the fact that its name was included on a blacklist for slave-like labour in 2008, in addition to several environmental violations. [47] The fund also invested in purchasing three CRAs from Usina Rio Amambai Agroenergia, in Mato Grosso do Sul, owned by the US company Amerra, which had 2,000 hectares embargoed by the Brazilian environmental agency in 2022 and is being investigated for dumping sugarcane waste in a lagoon. That did not stop the issuance and funding of USD12.6 million in “Green CRAs”. [48]

Fiagro XPAC11, managed by XP Investimentos and with 62,000 shareholders, has a “green” debenture (green bond
Bond
A bond is a stake in a debt issued by a company or governmental body. The holder of the bond, the creditor, is entitled to interest and reimbursement of the principal. If the company is listed, the holder can also sell the bond on a stock-exchange.
) in its portfolio issued by Aço Verde Brasil (AVB), part of the Ferroeste group, which is said to have 100% sustainable charcoal from planted forests. The loss of diversity, water depletion, land grabbing and expulsions of local communities worldwide, created by the expansion of industrial forest monocultures, does not strip the investment of its “green” quality. In addition, XPAC11 has investments in the world’s largest meat producers, such as Minerva, Mafrig and BRF, which are largely responsible for increased deforestation, public land grabbing, in addition to being the largest sector in Brazil responsible for subjecting workers to slave-like conditions. [49]

Bursting the financial bubble: reclaiming the commons to prevent future generations of dispossessed people

It is clear that Agro is not pop but debt – referring to the historic economic, social, and the environmental debts of Brazil.

Even if we consider the figure of the inflated 25% of GDP produced by agribusiness to be true, people cannot eat GDP! Export balances – and exports of soybean – are irrelevant when analysing social development, i.e., reduction of poverty, inequalities, hunger, and environmental damage. Although GDP is a useful indicator, the GDP of agribusiness includes, for example, the earnings of transnational corporations from seeds, agrochemicals, fertilisers, and machinery, as well as financial services. To a large extent, these corporate earnings are remitted to the countries where they are headquartered, and therefore do not remain in the country. [50]

Furthermore, this figure does not include the sector’s enormous debt, in the order of trillions of Brazilian reals, nor does it take into account the amount foregone through tax exemptions. [51] [52] Soybean alone, for example, which accounts for half the value of agribusiness production in the country, is attributed almost USD 12 billion a year in tax breaks, twice the cost of removing the tax on the basic food basket. [53]If we include the costs of irreversible damage to the environment in the balance
Balance
End of year statement of a company’s assets (what the company possesses) and liabilities (what it owes). In other words, the assets provide information about how the funds collected by the company have been used; and the liabilities, about the origins of those funds.
, such as contaminated territories and the spread of disease, along with pollution and genetic and soil erosion caused by the agribusiness industrial chain, the debt is unpayable.

However, it is important to realise that this is not just about Fiagros or the financialisation of agribusiness, land, and food systems. This alliance between financial capital, real estate – both urban and rural – and insurance companies means that an increasingly restricted and violent category of investors are transforming rights into private property and merchandise, playing a decisive role in determining the price of housing, land, food, transport, social security, energy, water, and sewage.

Preventing the privatisation of hitherto common goods and their subsequent financial valuation, recovering the meaning of so-called public goods and the common areas of community economies, in cities and in the countryside, which should be geared towards creating a dignified life for people, can provide some good pointers for avoiding a future generation of dispossessed people. Preventing a situation whereby the majority will be dispensed a meagre income, provided they finance the people responsible for expropriating them.

Land Fiagro: land and water grabbing and deforestation

Source: Funds’ financial reports and monthly B3 Fiagros bulletins.

Illustration: Matheus Ribs

Infographic designer: Kartine Ribeiro Gomes

Footnotes